فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 51 (پاییز 1402)

One of the salient features of Iran's spatial development model is the existence of unbalanced economic development among the provinces of the country which will lead to imbalance growth among regions. The first step for better planning and management in order to achieve balance economic development is to study economic development inequalities among provinces. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze spatial imbalances of economic development in Iran. This research has been applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population consisted of 31 provinces of Iran and the research method was based on combining 30 economic indicators in a final composite indicator. The inequality of each indicator was calculated applying the coefficient of variation and Williamson coefficient, the weight of each indicator was obtained by the principal component analysis method, and the final composite indicators were calculated and the provinces were ranked employing the three methods of TOPSIS, factor analysis and numerical taxonomy. Furthermore, the leveling of the composite indicator was carried out using cluster analysis. Findings showed that the indicators of "the share of production of the province's service sector in the production of the country's services" had the highest inequality whereas "provincial indicator of business space of the province 2018" had the lowest inequality. Furthermore, the indicators including "the share of production in the industrial sector of the province out of production of the country's industry" and "per capita production of livestock products had the highest and lowest weight, respectively. The result of calculating composite indicators revealed that the provinces including Tehran, Isfahan, Bushehr and Khuzestan had the best situation, respectively, and the provinces including South Khorasan, Charmahal and Bakhtiari and Ilam had the lowest rank. In addition, the results of GIS maps and cluster analysis indicate gaps and inequalities between the provinces of the country in terms of economic indicators so that the core-periphery model is established in the process of economic development. Finally, in order to eliminate this inequality and economic development imbalance, some appropriate solutions have been recommended.

Regional development planning has been welcomed by planners and policy makers for different territories and regions during the past decades in order to reduce the distance between the regions of a territory, so that currently organizations, institutions and planners are looking for solutions to get out of the lack of development of regions. On the other hand, the world we live in is a dynamic world. Therefore, since human behavior and plans determine the consequences of the dynamics of the world, it is appropriate for humans to be aware of these behaviors, plans, and the dynamics of the world around them, and based on this knowledge and awareness, take the best actions to create a bright and desirable future. . According to what was said, this research seeks to identify the key propellants in the regional economic development of the oceanic coasts of Iran. Considering the importance and dynamics of the role of beaches in regional development, in this research, first, using the library method, the effective variables were extracted in this field, and then according to the opinion of 30 experts in this field, among the identified variables, 54 important variables were identified. Variables was extracted in economic, socio-cultural, physical, managerial and environmental dimensions. Then, using the MIC MAC future research technique, among them, the key propellants of the economic development of the regions of the oceanic coasts of Iran were identified. Finally, the indicators identified in this research were evaluated in the mentioned dimensions, and finally eight indicators include: macro government policies, welfare and social security, tourism and ecotourism, commerce and trade, regional transportation network, employment generation, people's income and inflation were introduced as key and effective propellants in the development of the regional economy in the ocean coast of Iran.

Having an acceptable level of various components of development is the inalienable right of the hardworking rural community. Nevertheless, researches show that there are many shortcomings regarding the rural community's enjoyment of development components. One of the most important components of development is the availability of welfare variables for the rural community. The aim of the present quantitative and applied research is to investigate and spatially analyze how the rural areas of Iran enjoy in terms of welfare variables. The required data has been collected from the Iranian Statistics Center in 2022. For data analysis, a combined method has been used (combination of findings from decision-making models, cluster analysis technique and geographic information system). In terms of welfare indicators, the research results showed that the three provinces of Alborz, Hormozgan and Bushehr, respectively, with a priority coefficient of 0.492, 0.48134 and 0.4813, they are the most privileged and The three provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan, Lorestan and North Khorasan, They are the weakest provinces of Iran with priority coefficients of 0.052, 0.163 and 0.198 respectively. The results of cluster analysis showed, 11 provinces of Iran have been placed at a relatively developed level, 10 provinces at the level of medium development, 9 provinces at deprived level and The Sistan and Baluchistan province is placed at a very disadvantaged level. The results of the spatial analysis of Iran's provinces in terms of the prosperity index in rural areas showed that, most of the border provinces are in unfavorable conditions compared to the central provinces of Iran. The results of the fitted multivariate regression model showed the Income variable, with a determination coefficient of 0.564 and a beta coefficient of 0.751., is a most key factor affecting the level of well-being in rural areas.

Housing planning and policy-making is one of the main concerns of urban planners due to its wide dimensions, especially for the homeless and appropriate pattern for its residents. Homelessness is a type of housing that does not meet the basic housing standards of that community. The purpose of this research is to provide a pattern for the homeless housing planning based on the pattern of right to adequate housing. The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive - analytical in terms of method and content analysis. The adequate housing pattern was provided by theoretical literature in 6 indicators (Security of tenure, availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure, habitability, affordability, accessible housing and cultural adequacy). An electronic questionnaire was prepared and sent to university professors, managers and experts in the field of housing and urban planning and also PhD and MSc students that were chosen by available judgmental sampling. To provide a pattern for the homeless housing planning in Tehran metropolis, confirmatory factor analysis by Amos software was implemented. The results indicate that the security of tenure index with 0.83 factor loading, availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure with 0.80 and affordability with 0.63 have the highest factor loading and importance in providing a pattern for housing planning, respectively. The results show that the developed factor model has a good fit with the data and there is a significant relationship between adequate housing indices in Tehran metropolis. To solve the housing problem of the homeless, it is necessary to use a housing planning pattern based on the right to adequate housing in the country's housing policies and planning in accordance with the nature of the constitution.

Today, social challenges are one of the most important obstacles to achieving sustainability in the cities of developing countries. Therefore, recognition and geographical analysis of the factors affecting the social sustainability of cities are among the important goals and priorities of urban and regional planning. This research has been done by quantitative and survey method and using secondary data. In this study, with using the content validity index and content validity ratio, 19 objective indicators of social sustainability were selected and social sustainability of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari cities measured and analyzed by using principal component analysis, spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) and inverse distance weighting interpolation(IDW) methods. Findings of the research in the principal component analysis show that the 4 principal components (safety and security, health, population dynamism, literacy and education) with a total variance of 65.125%, explain the correlation between research variables to measure and evaluate the urban social sustainability of the province. Also, Morans Index with a value of -0.06 indicates the random spatial pattern of urban social sustainability in the province and the significance of spatial relationships of 5 urban centers in safety and security, 2 urban centers in health, 5 urban centers in population dynamics, 1 urban center in literacy and education and 4 urban centers in the composite index of social sustainability. The results of inverse distance weighting interpolation methode while showing the unfavorable situation of the principale components affecting urban social sustainability, indicate a more balanced spatial distribution of the components of population dynamism, literacy and education in the province than other components and the combined index of urban social sustainability.

According to the evidence, there are unbalanced distributions in different geographical areas in terms of level and type of innovative behavior. Regional innovation system, as one of the theories in this field, considers innovation as a process resulting from various factors inside and outside companies. Researchers and government agencies have provided many models for monitoring their regional innovation systems, taking into account the specific characteristics of each region. In this research, by a comprehensive overview of the regional innovation model, has been tried to provide a model based on the context and conditions of the regions in Iran for monitoring of regional innovation systems. In the first stage, after reviewing the literature, interviewing the experts and then thematic analyzing the content of the obtained data, initial Dimensions and indicators were identified Then, a Fuzzy Delphi technique and a seven-scale questionnaire were used to test the results and expert opinion. Finally, after the extraction and correction of the indicators to evaluate the regional innovation systems, a comprehensive model was identified in 5 dimensions, 20 indicators and 180 sub-indicators. The proposed regional innovation system assessment model consists of firms' behavior and regional interactions, economy, Human Capital, Innovative outputs, Locational Features, that each dimension has its own indicators and sub-indicators, each one is discussed in the paper. Finally, the regional innovation system of Yazd province as a special science and technology region was evaluated using this model. The evaluation results showed that the Locational Features and firms' behavior and regional interactions are in a better position than other dimensions, although the progress rate of all dimensions is less than 50%. Also, according to these results, the dimensions of innovative outputs and economy have the least amount of progress.

Water, as an element that plays an important and main role in human life, has become one of the most challenging issues in the current era. Almost most of the governments pay attention to the state of water resources of their land and look for solutions for the proper and better use of water resources by the people so that they cannot face the crisis of water shortage and reduction of water resources. while 31 countries in the world are currently facing water scarcity, and by 2025, another 17 countries will. They will also join this group due to the increase in population. One of the countries that has faced the challenge of reducing water scarcity is Iran. In the meantime, some provinces have faced the challenge of water shortage earlier than other provinces. Kerman province is one of the provinces where, due to the role of the agricultural sector in the employment and economic income of its people, the problem of water shortage and drought is evident in it. The main goal of this article is to analyze the effective solutions to reduce water shortage in Kerman province. Based on this, the main question raised is which solution is better and more effective to deal with water shortage in Kerman province? To answer this question, the descriptive-analytical research method and the tools of library collection and internet sites have been used and the research findings have been obtained. The results of the research show that Kerman province has water shortage challenges and water resource management models can be better and more efficient in solving water shortage problems and reducing water resources than water transfer projects (Beheshtabad and Safaroud).

Nowadays, due to the increase of sensitivities towards human well-being and the necessity of using the capacities of remote and deprived areas from the flow of development, attention to such areas has become the focus of attention, and accordingly, many approaches have been made in The general format of regional development has been presented and in some cases, they have come to the fore and been implemented, which can be referred to as the decentralization approach, institutional development, urban network growth, attention to deprived rural areas, foreign investment and the like. . The approach of institutional-economic regeneration has a more comprehensive and integrated vision to solve the problems of such regions, especially in the use of environmental and territorial capacities, especially the coasts and open waters, which also provide many opportunities for regional transformation. and improve the quality of people's lives. However, the institutional-economic regeneration of remote areas is often faced with challenges, the passage of which requires the adoption of strategies such as the regeneration of the government, the creation of nuclei of mobility and change, the approach to the strategy of gradual reforms, the adoption of the strategy of small successes and strengthening Institutional and social trust capacities. Makran region with special geographic-communication characteristics that has irreplaceable capacities for the development of a part of the vast land around it, which seems to require the use of the stimulating model of development in the fields It is different infrastructural, economic, institutional, social, this research is about the feasibility of development stimulating projects and planning components (political, managerial and strategic, legal, economic, social and environmental), design (background factors e, sense of place and identity) and the implementation of these projects in order to stimulate development in Makran region.

Villagers and farmers in most Third World countries alone cannot provide sufficient employment opportunities and sources of income to meet all their livelihood needs. The villagers are the low-income and poor people of the society who should be supported. Rural cooperative insurance is a tool to improve the quality of life of rural people, increase work, production and social status, reduce risk and strengthen investment and improve the income level of the head of the household. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the economic requirements affecting the use of rural cooperative insurance in the Sistan region. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that was collected by 25 experts and professors who are aware of these issues. Also, using fuzzy decision making method and FUZZYSAW software, we achieved the results that the reduction of crimes with the amount of 1.328 has been achieved as the most important effective requirement in rural cooperative insurance and having a second job with the amount of 0.693 as the least effective requirement on insurance A rural cooperative has been established in the Sistan region. The most important research proposal is to increase awareness and institutionalize insurance culture for these vulnerable segments of society that can create the necessary confidence and security to invest in rural cooperative insurance. we achieved the results that the reduction of crimes with the amount of 1.328 has been achieved as the most important effective requirement in rural cooperative insurance and having a second job with the amount of 0.693 as the least effective requirement on insurance A rural cooperative has been established in the Sistan region. The most important research proposal is to increase awareness and institutionalize insurance culture for these vulnerable segments of society that can create the necessary confidence and security to invest in rural cooperative insurance.

Stochastic models will be used as a method, to study changes in time series data in the future. The purpose of this study is to analyzing the groundwater level of piezometer wells in Shiraz, simulating and short-term forecasting of its status in the future using stochastic methods. for modeling In this research, water level statistics of 14 piezometer wells that had more complete statistics from 1993 to 2019 were used and based on ARIMA model and partial autocorrelation and autocorrelation method and with evaluation of parameters and types of models and all possible patterns in terms of being static, suitable model for predicting groundwater level in each well was obtained separately. After validation and evaluation of the model, the groundwater level was predicted in the future years 2020 to 2026. The results of groundwater level forecasting in wells in Shiraz using time series models show that with assuming the consumption pattern remains constant and no noticeable change in the groundwater recharge process, during the next 7 years, on average, we will face a decrease of about 3.5 meters in the groundwater level compared to the current situation. Therefore, due to the significant drop in groundwater level in the future and the limited resources of drinking water supply in Shiraz and the need for more water in the future, appropriate decision-making for supply management and consumption management in this city, seems necessary.It is necessary to study the consumption and demand management, in order to save water and prevent its loss in the city as a basic solution.